Old Believer’s Christian Orthodox crucifixion copper cross, 1500-1700 AD. Height: 250 mm = 25 cm; Width: 120 mm = 12 cm; Weight: 14.6 oz. = 0.414 kg = 414 g; Provenance: private collection in Florida, from Estate of early Russian emigrants (after 1917). Using this cross - was a part of Old belivers' service in the Orthodox church. This language was Старославя́нская кири́ллица = =Old Church Slavonic Cyrillic, used in 9th century - end of the 16th century. Below is the text on the back of the cross: КРМЪ ХРАНЕНИЕ ВСЕЇ ВСЕЛЕННОЇ. КРМЪ ХРАНІТЕЛЬ КРАСОТЫ ЦЕРКОВНОЇ. КРМЪ ЦАРЕМ ДЕРЖАВА. КРМЪ ВЕРНЫМІ УТВЕРЖДЕНІЕ. КРМЪ СЛАВА. КРМЪ ВЕСОМѢ НАВ_. КРМЪ =КРЕСТОМ. Крестъ хранитель всеи Вселенней, Крестъ красота церковная, Крестъ царемъ держава. The Cross is the guardian of the whole Universe, The Cross is the beauty of the Church, The Cross is the power of the Tsar, The Cross is confirmed by faithful approvals, The Cross is the Glory. Old Believers, also called Old Ritualists,[a] are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Russian Orthodox Church as they were before the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow between 1652 and 1666. Resisting the accommodation of Russian piety to the contemporary forms of Greek Orthodox worship, these Christians were anathematized, together with their ritual, in a Synod of 1666–67, producing a division in Eastern Europe between the Old Believers and those who followed the state church in its condemnation of the Old Rite. Russian speakers refer to the schism itself as raskol (раскол), etymologically indicating a "cleaving-apart".