1873 Cuban Revolution Views" ANTIQUE December 16, 1873 "Harper's Weekly" Double Page Cuban Revolution Illustrations. The views are from double interior pages of the December 18, 1873 Issue of "Harper's Weekly."

There are (3) illustrations in all. The illustrations are Titled: 1) "SANTIAGO DE CUBA". 2) "THE SLAUGHTERHOUSE SANTIAGO DE CUBA". & "THE MASSACRE IN CUBA—HAVANA FROM THE LOWER BATTERIES OF FORTRESS DE CABANA." The page measures approximately 16 1/2 inches high X 23 inches wide including borders. Usual Folds, edges show light edge wear. Pages are lightly toning but not brittle. All faults will be covered by the mat when framed. Overall the piece is Very Good Condition.

"The Ten Years' War" (The "Guerra de los Diez Años; 1868–1878"), also known as the Great War ("Guerra Grande") and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain in the 19th Century. The uprising was led by Cuban-born planters and other wealthy natives. On 10 October 1868, sugar mill owner Carlos Cespedes and his followers proclaimed independence, beginning the conflict. This was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the "Little War" (1879–1880) and the "Cuban War Of Independence" (1895–1898). The final three months of the last conflict escalated with United States involvement, leading to the Spanish-American war. Cuban business owners demanded fundamental social and economic reforms from Spain, which ruled the colony. Lax enforcement of the slave trade ban had resulted in a dramatic increase in imports of Africans, estimated at 90,000 slaves from 1856 to 1860. This occurred despite a strong abolitionist movement on the island, and rising costs among the slave-holding planters in the east. The Spanish Parliament at the time was changing; gaining much influence were reactionary, traditionalist politicians who intended to eliminate all liberal reforms. Dissatisfaction in Cuba spread on a massive scale as the mechanisms to express it were restricted. Another economic crisis in 1866/67 heightened social tensions on the island. The Spaniards, representing 8% of the island's population, were appropriating over 90% of the island's wealth. In addition, the Cuban-born population still had no political rights and no representation in Parliament. In July 1867, the "Revolutionary Committee of Bayamo" was founded under the leadership of Cuba's wealthiest plantation owner, Francisco Aguilera. The conspiracy rapidly spread. During the first few days, the uprising almost failed. In spite of this initial setback, the uprising of Yara was supported in various regions of the Oriente province, and the independence movement continued to spread throughout the eastern region of Cuba. As with the earlier Haitian Revolution, the European forces suffered the most fatalities due to yellow fever. The uprising was not supported in the westernmost provinces. By early 1869, the Spanish colonial government had failed to reach an agreement with the insurrection forces; they opened a war of extermination. The colonial government passed several laws: arrested leaders and collaborators of the insurgency were to be executed on the spot, ships carrying weapons would be seized and all persons on board immediately executed, males 15 and older caught outside of their plantations or places of residence without justification would be summarily executed, all towns were ordered to raise the white flag or otherwise be burnt to the ground, and any woman caught away from her farm or place of residence would be taken to camps in cities. These views illustrate that repression. Activities in the Ten Years' War peaked in the years 1872 and 1873, but after the deaths of Agramonte and Céspedes, Cuban operations were limited, because the vast majority of slaves and wealthy sugar producers did not join the revolt. Spain's efforts to fight were hindered by the civil war, the Third Carlist War that broke out in Spain in 1872. When the civil war in Spain ended in 1876, the government sent more Spanish troops to Cuba, until they numbered more than 250,000. Neither side in the war was able to win a single concrete victory, let alone crush the opposing side to win the war, but in the long run Spain gained the upper hand. The Spanish exploited regional divisions, as well as fears that the slaves of Matanzas would break the weak existing balance between whites and blacks. General Arsenio Campos, in charge of applying the new policy, arrived in Cuba in 1876. It took him nearly two years to convince most of the rebels to accept the Pact of Zanjon; it was signed on 10 February 1878, by a negotiating committee. The document contained most of the promises made by Spain. Many of the graduates of the Ten Years' War became central players in Cuba's War Of Independence that started in 1895. Overall, about 200,000 people lost their lives in the conflict. Together with a severe economic depression throughout the island, the war devastated the coffee industry, and American tariffs badly damaged Cuban exports."

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